观赏羽衣甘蓝SSR标记分型与亲缘关系研究

观赏羽衣甘蓝凭借优良的观赏特性和抗逆性已经成为重要的冷季观赏植物。国内观赏羽衣甘蓝育种起步较晚,并且缺乏对种质资源遗传背景的系统研究。本研究应用SSR标记对不同类型的观赏羽衣甘蓝材料进行标记分型和亲缘关系分析。从99对均匀分布于甘蓝基因组的SSR引物中筛选出46对多态性好的引物,对27份不同类型的观赏羽衣甘蓝材料进行标记分型,共扩增出210个多态性位点,平均PIC值为0.58。进一步利用标记分型结果进行STRUCTURE群体结构、UPGMA聚类和聚类热图分析,结果显示3种分析结果基本一致,可以将27份材料分为圆叶、羽叶和皱叶3种类型,其中圆叶和羽叶类型的亲缘关系更近,与皱叶类型的亲缘关系较远;STRUCTURE分析还可以将双亲为不同类型的杂交种材料进行区分;聚类热图分析可以将标记分型结果形象的展示出来。本研究为进一步建立观赏羽衣甘蓝分子指纹图谱,明确种质资源的遗传背景,建立观赏羽衣甘蓝分子标记辅助选择育种体系,培育具有自主知识产权的新品种奠定基础。     

Reduced representation genome sequencing reveals patterns of genetic diversity and selection in apple

Identifying DNA sequence variations is a fundamental step towards deciphering the genetic basis of traits of interest.Here,a total of 20 cultivated and 10 wild apples were genotyped using specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing,and 39,635 single nucleotide polymorphisms with no missing genotypes and evenly distributed along the genome were selected to investigate patterns of genome-wide genetic variations between cultivated and wild apples.Overall,wild apples displayed higher levels of genetic diversity than cultivated apples.Linkage disequilibrium(LD) decays were observed quite rapidly in cultivated and wild apples,with an r~2-value below 0.2 at 440 and 280 bp,respectively.Moreover,bidirectional gene flow and different distribution patterns of LD blocks were detected between domesticated and wild apples.Most LD blocks unique to cultivated apples were located within QTL regions controlling fruit quality,thus suggesting that fruit quality had probably undergone selection during apple domestication.The genome of the earliest cultivated apple in China,Nai,was highly similar to that of Malus sieversii,and contained a small portion of genetic material from other wild apple species.This suggested that introgression could have been an important driving force during initial domestication of apple.These findings will facilitate future breeding and genetic dissection of complex traits in apple.     

Anti-adhesive Property of Maize Leaf Surface Related with Temperature and Humidity

The anti-adhesive surfaces have always aroused great interest of worldwide scientists and engineers.But in practical applications,it often faces the threat and impact of temperature and humidity.In this work,the excellent anti-adhesive performance of maize leaf under high temperature and humidity were investigated in detail.Firstly,the adhesion forces of the maize leaf surface under different temperature and humidity were measured by using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM).The temperature of the substrate was varied between 23 ℃ to 100 ℃,and the ambient relative humidity is from 18％ to 100％.It was found that the adhesion force of maize leaf decreased with the increase of temperature and humidity.The mechanism of its excellent anti-adhesive performance of maize leaf under high temperature and relative humidity was revealed.The transverse and longitudinal ridges on maize leaf surface interlace with each other,forming small air pockets,which reduces the actual contact area between the object and the maize leaf.With the increase of humidity,the liquid film will be formed in the air pockets gradually and so much water vapor is produced with increase of temperature.Then the air flow rate increases though the wavy top of transverse ridges,inducing the dramatic decrease of adhesion force.Inspired by this mechanism,four samples with this bionic structure were made.This functional "biomimetic structure" would have potential value in the wide medical equipments such as high frequency electric knife with anti-adhesion surface under high temperature and high humidity.     

Fabrication of Bioinspired Structured Superhydrophobic and Superoleophilic Copper Mesh for Efficient Oil-water Separation

Oily water treatment has attracted the attention of many researchers.The development of effective and cheap oil/water separation materials is urgent for treating this problem.Herein,inspired by superhydrophobic typical plant leaves such as lotus,red rose and marigold,superhydrophobic and superoleophilic copper mesh was fabricated by etching and then surface modification with 1-dodecanethiol (HS(CH2)11CH3).A rough silver layer is formed on the mesh surface after immersion.The obtained mesh surface exhibits superhydrophobicity and superoleophilicity and the static water contact angle was 153° ± 3°.In addition,the as-prepared copper mesh shows self-cleaning character with water and chemical stability.The as-prepared copper foam can easily remove the organic solvents either on water or underwater.We demonstrate that by using the as-prepared mesh,oils can be absorbed and separated,and that high separation efficiencies of larger than 92％ are retained for various oils.Thus,such superhydrophobic and superoleophilic copper mesh is a very promising material for the application of oil spill cleanup and industrial oily wastewater treatment.     

Prevalence of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in Uygur and Han populations from the Urumqi and Kashgar regions of Xinjiang,China

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the infectious etiologic agent associated with Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman disease. It has been shown that high KSHV prevalence and high incidence of both classic KS and AIDSassociated KS are found mostly among people of Uygur ethnicity in Xinjiang, while people of Han ethnicity in Xinjiang have a higher KSHV seroprevalence than those of other Han populations in mainland China. However, it is still unclear why there is such geographical and population variation in KSHV distribution in China. In this work, we focused on the populations in the Kashgar region and Urumqi area, where a total of 1294 research subjects were randomly selected to investigate the potential correlation between KSHV prevalence and different ethnicities in endemic areas of Xinjiang, and to determine risk factors that may affect KSHV infection rates or KS incidence. We identified a high seroprevalence of KSHV and high peripheral blood DNA infection in the general Uygur and Han populations in both Urumqi and Kashgar regions of Xinjiang, and determined that advancing age, low education level, and stationary population status affect KSHV infection rates. Further, KSHV-positive Uygur participants were shown to have higher prevalence of neutralizing antibodies and neutralizing antibody titers than KSHV-positive Han participants.

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An overview of the South Korean edible insect food industry: challenges and future pricing/promotion strategies

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the edible insect industry in South Korea and present suggestions for future pricing and promotion strategies. In the first section of this paper, this study outlines the current status and challenges of the edible insect industry in the food market, the material market, the animal feed market, and the medicinal market. The second section of this paper suggests different pricing and promotion strategies for each market segment. This study describes how the consideration of personal traits, information framing, and increasing familiarity can enhance consumer consumption of insect‐based foods.     

Association of a novel point mutation in MSH2 gene with familial multiple primary cancers

Background

Multiple primary cancers (MPC) have been identified as two or more cancers without any subordinate relationship that occur either simultaneously or metachronously in the same or different organs of an individual. Lynch syndrome is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder that increases the risk of many types of cancers. Lynch syndrome patients who suffer more than two cancers can also be considered as MPC; patients of this kind provide unique resources to learn how genetic mutation causes MPC in different tissues.

Methods

We performed a whole genome sequencing on blood cells and two tumor samples of a Lynch syndrome patient who was diagnosed with five primary cancers. The mutational landscape of the tumors, including somatic point mutations and copy number alternations, was characterized. We also compared Lynch syndrome with sporadic cancers and proposed a model to illustrate the mutational process by which Lynch syndrome progresses to MPC.

Results

We revealed a novel pathologic mutation on the MSH2 gene (G504 splicing) that associates with Lynch syndrome. Systematical comparison of the mutation landscape revealed that multiple cancers in the proband were evolutionarily independent. Integrative analysis showed that truncating mutations of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes were significantly enriched in the patient. A mutation progress model that included germline mutations of MMR genes, double hits of MMR system, mutations in tissue-specific driver genes, and rapid accumulation of additional passenger mutations was proposed to illustrate how MPC occurs in Lynch syndrome patients.

Conclusion

Our findings demonstrate that both germline and somatic alterations are driving forces of carcinogenesis, which may resolve the carcinogenic theory of Lynch syndrome.

     

Biosynthesis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Veratrum californicum</Emphasis> specialty chemicals in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Camelina sativa</Emphasis> seed

Economically feasible systems for heterologous production of complex secondary metabolites originating from difficult to cultivate species are in demand since Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are not always suitable for expression of plant and animal genes. An emerging oilseed crop, Camelina sativa, has recently been engineered to produce novel oil profiles, jet fuel precursors, and small molecules of industrial interest. To establish C. sativa as a system for the production of medicinally relevant compounds, we introduced four genes from Veratrum californicum involved in steroid alkaloid biosynthesis. Together, these four genes produce verazine, the hypothesized precursor to cyclopamine, a medicinally relevant steroid alkaloid whose analogs are currently being tested for cancer therapy in clinical trials. The future supply of this potential cancer treatment is uncertain as V. californicum is slow-growing and not amendable to cultivation. Moreover, the complex stereochemistry of cyclopamine results in low-yield syntheses. Herein, we successfully engineered C. sativa to synthesize verazine, as well as other V. californicum secondary metabolites, in seed. In addition, we have clarified the stereochemistry of verazine and related V. californicum metabolites.